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Until the 1980s, mobility in China was extremely low, and most people lived in and were tied to their place of birth. The hukou system was formalized in the late 1950s by the government to register Chinese citizens according to their place of origin, which also determined their source of livelihood. Specifically, rural people were assigned rural hukou and access to farmland, and urban citizens were assigned urban hukou and allocated urban housing and jobs.
在上世纪80年代之前，中国的人口流动性极低，大多数人的生活区域仅限于他们的出生地。上世纪50年代末，中国政府根据公民出生地进行居民登记，这也决定了公民的生计来源，户籍制度由此形成。尤其是农村人口被划为农业户口，可以获得耕地，城市居民拥有城市户口，可分配城市住房和就业。
 
In general, there is great disparity between urban Chinese and rural migrants in cities who are without local hukou. The latter are easily marginalized in the labor market, confined to the so-called “3-D” jobs that are dangerous, dirty and demanding, such as construction work and domestic work (Fan, 2008). In addition, migrants without local hukou are shut out of subsidized housing in urban areas, such as the “affordable housing scheme”, and most cannot afford housing in the open market – referred to as commodity housing – which is expensive and increasingly so due to the soaring housing market.
总的来说，在一座城市中，没有城市户口的农村流动人口和城市居民的生存状况存在巨大差异。在就业市场中，农村流动人口容易被边缘化，只能从事所谓的“3-D”岗位，即危险性高、劳动环境差、要求严苛的岗位，例如建筑工和家政服务等（Fan，2008年）。此外，没有本地户口的流动人口不能购买城市补贴性住房，如经济适用房等，而商品房市场价格暴涨导致大部分流动人口并没有购房能力。
 
Despite the fact that rural-urban migrants in China have not crossed international borders, their persistently marginalized working and living situations are akin to the challenges faced by immigrants elsewhere. In that light, the integration theory that has drawn primarily from the experience of immigrants is relevant for these migrants, as illustrated by several recent studies. Wang and Fan (2012) examine rural migrant workers’ integration into urban society from the economic, social/cultural, and identity perspectives. Drawing on a survey conducted in Wuhan in 2008, they find that the hukou system is a persistent barrier to migrants, human capital is crucial for migrants’ economic and identity integration, and financial capacity such as income is conducive to identity integration. Based on a survey in Fujian province in 2009, Yue et al. (2013) study rural-urban migrants’integration from acculturation, socio-economic status, and psychological perspectives, and conclude that social network is an important factor of integration.
虽然中国的流动人口只局限于境内，但他们被持续边缘化的就业和生活状态，与其他国家的跨国移民面临的挑战类似。因此，最近有多项研究表明，主要根据移民研究得出的融合理论，同样适用于中国的流动人口。Wang和Fan（2012年）从经济、社会/文化和身份的角度，分析了农民工的城市社会融合问题。根据2008年在武汉进行的调查，他们发现户籍制度是流动人口面临的主要障碍，人力资本对于流动人口的经济和身份融合至关重要，而收入等财务能力有助于身份融合。Yue等人根据2009年福建省的调查结果，从同化、社会经济地位和心理角度研究了城乡流动人口的融合，最终得出的结论是：人际关系网络是影响融合的重要因素。