8.1 Background of the Global Living Planet Index

地球生命力指数（LPI，Living Planet Index）通过追踪全球脊椎动物种群数量随时间的变化反映不同层面生物多样性的变化趋势，被全球生物多样性公约采纳为衡量全球生态系统健康状态的主要指标之一。从1998 年至今， 随WWF《地球生命力报告》LPI两年更新一次。

By tracking the time-variant global vertebrate population size, the Living Planet Index (LPI) reflects the variation trend of biodiversity from multiple levels. It is adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity as one of the major indices to measure the health status of the global ecosystem. Since 1998, LPI is updated every two years with The Living Planet Report published by the World Wildlife Fund.

基于3038个脊椎动物物种的10380个种群时间序列建立的2014年全球LPI表明，全球脊椎动物种群数量在1970年至2010年间下降了52%，其中热带物种的种群下降了56%，温带物种的种群数量下降了36%。按生态系统对该指数进行分解后表明：淡水生态系统LPI在1970至2010年间下降了76%，明显高于海洋生态系统的39%。造成全球脊椎动物生物多样性下降的主要因素分别为开发、栖息地破碎化、栖息地丧失、气候变化、外来物种入侵、污染和疾病。

Based on 10,380 population time series of 3,038 vertebrate species, the global LPI of 2014 indicates that the global vertebrate population has decreased by 52% from 1970 to 2010, of which the tropical species population has decreased by 56%, and the temperate species population has decreased by 36%. If the LPI is interpreted according to ecosystems, it shows that the LPI of the fresh water ecosystem has decreased by 76% from 1970 to 2010, which is significantly higher than that of the marine ecosystem, which is 39%. The main reasons causing the reduction of the global biodiversity of vertebrates are development, habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, climate change, invasion of alien species, pollutions and diseases.

全球LPI 为全球水平生物多样性保护方针、策略、协议框架的制订提供了定量参考依据，其与生态足迹相结合探讨了不同生态系统的生物多样性对人类干扰和环境变化的反应；LPI 数据库中种群时间序列信息及各级运算结果为种群管理、物种濒危状况评估，以及有害和外来物种控制等提供了丰富的参考信息。

The global LPI provides a quantitative reference for the drafting of the principles, strategies and convention framework of the protection of the global biodiversity. By taking into consideration of the ecological footprints, the index discusses the responses of the biodiversity in different ecosystems to human interferences and environment variations. The population time series information and the calculation results at all levels in the LPI database have provided rich reference information for managing the population, evaluating the status of endangered species, controlling harmful and alien species, etc.

8.2 中国陆地生态系统脊椎动物变化趋势指数

8.2 The variation trend index of vertebrates in the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem

中国是世界在全球公认的十二个“生物多样性巨丰”国家中排名第八，拥有高等植物30000余种(其中50%为中国特有种)，脊椎动物6347种，分别占世界总种数的10%和14%。由于大部分区域未受到最后一次冰期的影响，中国拥有大量的孓遗和特有物种，是东南亚动物区系最为独特的区域, 中国西南横断山区是全球25个生物多样性热点之一。另一方面，中国也是全球生物多样性丧失最为严重的国家之一。虽然中国已经意识到“生物多样性丧失”问题的严重性，也进行了不懈的努力，但究竟在国家水平生物多样性丧失了多少，不同历史时期丧失的原因和过程以及各时期的保护政策和行动是否发挥了切实的作用均无法估计和评价，至今没有定量的描述。

China ranks the eighth among the world-recognized twelve “mega-diversity” countries, having more than 30,000 higher plant species (of which 50% are endemic species in China), and 6347 vertebrate species, which accounts for 10% and 14% of the total number of species across the globe. Since most regions in China were not affected by the last Ice Age, China has abundant relicts and endemic species, thus having the most unique fauna in Southeast Asia. Hengduan Mountainous Region in Southwest China is one of the 25 biodiversity hot spots around the globe. On the other hand, China is also one of the countries that have suffered from most biodiversity losses in the world. Even though China has recognized the severity of the “loss of biodiversity”, and has made unremitting efforts, there is still no quantitative description of the state-level biodiversity losses, the reasons and processes for the losses in various historical periods, and whether the protection policies and actions in each periods were effective or not. All of the above cannot be estimated and evaluated.